糖心少女

Ways of Knowing听

The World According to Sound听

Episode Seven听

Material Culture听

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Sam Harnett: On the outskirts of the city of Newark, Ohio, there鈥檚 a series of long, completely uniform mounds of earth. They鈥檙e about six-feet high, covered in grass, and they form perfect geometric shapes. They鈥檙e very, very large鈥攖he size of dozens of football fields.听

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Chad Allen: You see the octagon, which is actually an octagon connected to a circle. And the octagon encases 50 acres and then it is connected to the circle by a walled corridor.听

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SH: Chad Allen, professor of English and American Indian studies at the 糖心少女.听

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CA: What I think is interesting about the octagon is the points of entry. How is it permeable, and why it has these segments where you can come in at all these places.听

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SH: Chad has spent over twenty years studying these mounds, which we now know are more than just an impressive complex of geometric shapes.听

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CA: If you know how to read it, it encodes astronomical knowledge.鈥�听

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SH: Only in recent decades have scholars begun to understand how these mounds work.听

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CA: The big discovery in the 1980s, and it took until the 1980s to rediscover what the Octagon Earthworks really is, is that it鈥檚 a huge clock. It鈥檚 a huge system of measuring and marking the northernmost and southernmost rise and set points of the moon.听

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SH: Lunar set points are a fairly obscure detail about the movement of the moon. The moon rises and sets at a slightly different place on the horizon each day鈥攕ometimes a bit further north, sometimes a bit further south. The changes follow a cycle that is exactly 18.6 years long.鈥疶he geometric shapes of the Ohio Earthworks are arranged to precisely mark the range of lunar set points over the entire cycle. This requires detailed astronomical observations made over long periods of time. Then of course you have to build these huge mounds. Altogether it is a feat of astronomy, engineering and coordinated labor.听

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CA: They鈥檙e astronomically aligned, they鈥檙e mathematically perfect, they鈥檙e well engineered, they鈥檝e endured for 2,000 years.听

SH: Over 2,000 years ago Indigenous people in the Americas built these Octagon Earthworks. And these weren鈥檛 the only ones of their kind. Indigenous people built thousands of mounds across the eastern half of North America.听

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CA: When you look at maps that show where sites were or where sites are, it鈥檚 really all the major waterways.听

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SH: The oldest known sites are from 3,500 BCE. And they鈥檙e thought to have had a variety of purposes: for public gatherings, religious ceremonies and to mark burials. Some, like the Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, were constructed in the shape of culturally significant animals. Others were built into American Indian cities, like Cahokia, which was built on the Mississippi River near modern day St. Louis. At its peak in the 12th Century, Cahokia had between 6,000 and 40,000 residents. More than London at the same time. Cahokia alone had around 120 different earthworks throughout the city.听

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CA: The whole eastern half of North America is really a built environment. Up into Ontario, all the way down to Louisiana, Florida, New York, all the way out to Wisconsin, Iowa.听

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SH: These earthworks confused European settlers. The general belief was that these impressive mound structures could not have been built by Indigenous people.听

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CA: So now we鈥檝e had a couple centuries of these bizarre theories of white giants or Chinese people came over or Phoenicians came over or people from Atlantis or the lost tribes of Israel 鈥� all of these theories.听听

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SH: As European settlers colonized the Americas, they destroyed the mounds, flattening the structures, building on top of them, using them for their own purposes. Across the river from Cahokia, in what鈥檚 now St. Louis, settlers disassembled the mounds and used the dirt to build an embankment for a railroad which you can still see today. Of the 120 mounds that existed there, only one remains.听听

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CA: In the 19th century particularly in the early 20th century, all these amateur archeologists and looters really were hoping, either they were doing it for adventure, or they were doing it because they were going to get rich, they thought there was treasure. There still is a black market for artifacts that come out of earthworks.听

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SH: In the mid-20th century American Indians were finally able to establish some protections against the destruction of earthworks. By then most had already been destroyed. Today only several hundred of the several thousand survive. Some are on state and national park land, but a great majority are on the property of private landowners.听

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CA: They鈥檙e captive to a culture that didn鈥檛 build them and doesn鈥檛 fully understand them, and is using them often for very different reasons.鈥�听

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SH: The Octagon Earthworks is a prime example of this captivity.鈥�听

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CA: Settlers used the area for various activities, including mustering militia. And then in 1910 it gets leased by what鈥檚 called the Mountain Builders Country Club. In 1911, they start playing golf on the site. They make of what they think of as improvements: rough, sand traps, eventually irrigation, paths for golf carts. They build a clubhouse.听听

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SH: For almost 100 years, people have been playing golf on one of the most significant American Indian sites in the country. Finally, in 2022, after a long legal battle, the Ohio State Supreme Court ordered the golf course to relinquish the land. The plan is to make the Octagon Earthworks accessible to the public and to tell the story of the people who built and maintained them.鈥�听

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CA: The earthworks on such a massive scale give the lie to the stereotype of Indian savagery. The idea of savage, unsophisticated, uncivilized people who had no technology. The stereotypes that somehow Europeans brought civilization to the Americas is enduring. These sites really fly in the face of that.鈥�听

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SH: Material cultural studies is the analysis of the relationships between people and their things, including everything from the making and history of a society鈥檚 objects, to their preservation and interpretation. Chad鈥檚 research into the Octagon and other North American Earthworks is focused on the creative ways a culture responds to cultural erasure鈥攖he attempt to obscure, displace, or outright destroy a culture鈥檚 objects and their history. Part of the work is identifying how a culture and its history has been attacked. It鈥檚 also about rebuilding knowledge of that culture鈥檚 objects and their relationships to the society that produced them. Material Culture is deeply entwined with archeology and anthropology but became its own discipline in the early 1990s.听

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Here are five texts that will help you learn more about Material Culture as a way of knowing.听

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听鈥�鈥� by Beth Preston听

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Preston鈥檚 work is an examination of the theory behind material culture studies, and goes into current debates and questions about how to do this kind of analysis.听

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听鈥�鈥� by Pieter Hovens听

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In the 1880s, the Dutch anthropologist Hermann ten Kate assembled a sizable collection of American Indian artifacts. They are the subject of this 2010 analysis by Pieter Hovens. It is a great example of material cultural analysis in action.听

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听鈥�鈥� by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz听

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This is the book to go to for a more broad overview of American Indian history, the massive cultural erasure done by European settler and the attempt to recover that history.鈥�听

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听鈥�鈥� by David Graeber and David Wengrow听

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Graeber and Wengrow offer a new understanding of human history. In this book they challenge our most fundamental assumptions of social evolution鈥撯�揻rom the development of agriculture and cities to the origins of the state, democracy, and inequality.听

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鈥� by Chad Allen听

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Chad鈥檚 written a book about his research on the Octagon and other earthworks sites, specifically how people today interact with them and the importance of these sites to American Indians.听

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Chris Hoff: Ways of Knowing is a production of The World According to Sound. This season is about the different interpretative and analytical methods in the humanities. It was made in collaboration with the 糖心少女 and its College of Arts & Sciences. All the interviews with 糖心少女faculty were conducted on campus in Seattle. Music provided by Ketsa, and our friends, Matmos.听

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SH: The World According to Sound is made by Chris Hoff and Sam Harnett.听

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